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Africana History

Africa from an African Perspective

I approach the writing of history from an African perspective.

Scholars employing an African perspective are relatively few and underfunded, but they have deepened public understanding and appreciation of African history. They have highlighted some people and events that were wrongly overlooked. Like David battling Goliath, they have helped produce a more accurate record based more on evidence than speculation.

At a deeper level, my historical works are a rebuttal to the negative, neo-colonial and divisive narrative that dominates Liberian scholarship. That approach has proven politically beneficial to the intellectuals who promote it, but it has devastated to our country.

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Divided We Fall

Liberia remains a ticking time bomb.

What to do about it.

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Divided We Fall

Identity, dignity and purpose

For centuries, the West held the rest of the world as colonies and did a masterful job of convincing others of their inferiority.

As countries emerged from the grips of colonialism, one of their first challenges was rewriting their history. After all, no nation has ever risen to greatest on the basis of a history written by others. And no people can succeed while convinced of their own inferiority.

Liberians are perhaps alone in failing to tackling that indispensable task. Ghanians and Tanzanians, Trinidadians and Guyanese, Indians and Chinese have all done it.

Even in the U. S., the rewriting of black history came before the Civil Rights Movement and the election of blacks to public office.

I hope that in 2023 we Liberians will finally realize that politics cannot unite us because the electoral process is inherently divisive. Only the humanities and the arts can provide us with a coherent sense of identity, dignity and purpose that can propel us forward.

I hope this is the year we will stop expecting politicians to provide a new vision for our fractured nation. Most are constitutionally incapable of producing any such thing. That task falls squarely on the shoulders of the writers, visual artists, musicians and other creative folk.

Why? Only those who dare step “outside the box” of conventional thinking are capable of generating anything new. And envisioning new ways is, by definition, what creative people do. Our currency is not popularity per se, but rather truth and beauty.

Writing and making art are usually lonely pursuits. We who embrace these callings are often marginalized, but it is precisely “at the margins” that new visions are born.

It is time for Liberian writers and artists to “be the change we want to see in the world.” The politicians will follow, and they will bring their followers trailing behind them.

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Divided We Fall

The Rwandan Model

Take the Rwandans, for example. Their war was far worse than ours. And their recovery has been funded largely by exports of bananas and other agricultural products. Yet, their progress has gone farther and faster than Liberia’s, with all our iron, timber, diamonds and now oil.

How come? In my view, two often-ignored factors explain the Rwandan “miracle.

First, they had the audacity to believe that they are equal to Westerners and other non-Africans, in intellect and creativity. As a result, Rwandans accepted help if it fit in with their plans. And when it didn’t, they had the self-confidence and self-respect to say no thanks.

In short, they relied on their own creative solutions. Not on the advice of “international partners. Not on newly minted NGOs with no track record. Not on 29-year-old “consultants” whose expertise derived solely from being Europeans or Americans.

Another factor was perhaps more important. Rwandans engaged in longterm planning. That required deep thinking and lots of discussion about their choices. In contrast, Liberians remained obsessed with material things: the latest cars, hurriedly built roads and the biggest, most elaborate headties! Thrown to the wayside were abstract foolishness like building codes, standards for road construction and even certification of teachers.

What did ignoring ideas give us? Rapidly deteriorating roads, university classrooms that crumble before they are occupied and a lost generation armed with multiple degrees but little or no education.

An early step in Rwanda’s recovery was writing a completely new, more inclusive history. Why? Because the path to a better future lies in an understanding of the past and a respect for the contributions of one’s ancestors. Because, as every thinking person knows, “a house divided” can never, ever, ever prosper.

Liberians, meanwhile, remain straddled with a history that fuels a deep inferiority complex and implacable hatreds of each other. Indigenous Liberians often blame Conger people for this. Some Conger Liberians say its the responsibility of indigenous historians. Most citizens fault the government. And government officials blame Ebola or Covid!

Of course, a disproportionate share of the blame rest on elected officials. So too, “international partners” with their cookie-cutter prescriptions and the countless NGO vultures feeding off international disasters. But, truth to be told, no one can save us from us but us.

The truth is, Liberian history was written by Westerners to serve their interests.



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Divided We Fall

“Great minds discuss ideas”

That politicians would divide the public should not be news to anyone. That is what they do. What is surprising? How Liberians allow ourselves to be divided and played by office seekers, day after day, year in and year out.

The crisis in Liberia defies easy explanations and scapegoating. It has lasted too long and is now too deep. For once, we need to take our eyes off the players to focus on the rules of the game. As the saying goes, “Small minds discuss people, mediocre minds discuss events, great minds discuss ideas.”

Without three changes in our psyches and spirit, there will be no national progress: First, empathy for each other, regardless of class or ethnicity. That is patriotism at its core – above and beyond saluting the flag, singing the national anthem or cheering the national football team. Second, self-confidence rooted in a real “knowledge of self” and pride in the accomplishments of one’s ancestors. And last but not least, unity.

Those goals may seem farfetched because they are abstract. But they can easily be achieved, if we are willing to learn from others.

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Divided We Fall

Emotions masquerading as analyses

Those reactions may seem different. But, below the surface, they are knee-jerk emotional reactions masquerading as analysis.

According to those explanations, someone else is always to blame. As the end of the current administration rapidly approaches, it is common to hear even high-level officials heap all blame for failures solely on the president whose confidence and largess they shared.

Whoever is explaining doesn’t have to change. We don’t even have to think differently. We expect to carry on exactly as we always have yet somehow produce better results. That is the definition of magical thinking.

With the 2017 elections fast-approaching, our never-ending search for a Liberian “messiah” is likely to intensify. Liberians went from chanting “everybody knows Tolbert is a man” while the “man” was president to jubilating after his assassination. So too, Samuel K. Doe fell from “redeemer” to “dokko.” And, where are all the Charles “Gahnkeh” Taylor supporters who once chanted “he kill mah ma, he kill mah pa, I will vote for him”?

This time around, we need more than a new “driver.” And we certainly don’t need a new “taxi,” as proposed by those who have made careers out of tinkering with the Constitution. What we need are new passengers. At least passengers who are prepared to act differently because, at last, we are willing to do the hard work required to think differently.

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Divided We Fall

Is Liberia cursed?

Between 1979 and 2003, my homeland, Liberia, spiraled into an ever deeper cycle of political violence.

The rockets and AK-47s have fallen silent, but Liberians remain deeply divided and our national psyche battered.

The Liberian government and its foreign partners have largely ignored those wounds, while spending $$ billions on legislative salaries, NGO on-the-job learning and first-class travel accommodations to discuss rebuilding. The Ebola crisis ripped off the scab to expose a festering sore.

How to explain this gross failure?

Most Liberians fault politicians. Nine times out of ten, we blame the political party we already dislike and always distrusted. Some simply damn all politicians. Others have given up on Liberia, believing it to be cursed.

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Reclaiming the Dream

From divorces to cemeteries

Next, the Acts section of this website presents bills passed by the Liberian Legislature between 1857 and 1940.

You’re not a lawyer or senator, so why should you care about a bunch of acts?

You’ll be surprised. The acts name some couples who were granted divorces and criminals who had their citizenship restored. They also mention churches, community associations and cemeteries, all incorporated by the legislature.

In addition, earlier acts provide the names and salaries of all government employees, a degree of transparency not shown in later years. Use the search option to look up the name of your home town or a relative. You’ll be surprised what you might find.

At the far right is a link to my Contact page. It offers several ways for you to reach me. In my view, dialogue is critical to any process of national healing. It must also be at the heart of any scholarship that serves that process.

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Reclaiming the Dream

Kolokwa, a child born out of wedlock

Finally, a box labeled “Kolokwa Wisdom” appears at the top right of this page. It features sayings or proverbs derived from Kolokwa, the language spoken by most Liberians.

The sayings featured here are comparable to the sayings of Confucius. They are often lessons derived from the Liberian experience specifically. They deserve to be transmitted from generation to generation.

Kolokwa is often called “Liberian English,” but that is misleading. In reality, the language is a hybrid, with words and rules derived from a variety of local languages. Its name is derived from “colloquial.”

Its widespread use notwithstanding, Kolokwa is often denigrated by Liberian policy-makers. Some regard it, erroneously, as a corrupt imitation of standard English. Others dismiss it as impure. But not the urban poor, some of whom now call themselves “Kolokwadians.”

Those hoping to ignore Kolokwa out of existence do so at their own peril. Like a child born out of wedlock, it is here to stay. It deserves to be legally recognized, sooner rather than latter.

In highlighting these resources, Patrick’s Place offers an alternative approach to national healing. Not peace-keeping based on foreign military forces alone. Not development policies imported from Washington, DC, or Brussels.

None of those will ensure a stable society, without a healing of hearts and spirits. That work can not be achieved by partner governments and foreign NGOs, no matter how well intentioned. At the end of the day, none but ourselves can heal our minds.

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Reclaiming the Dream

Our “Cinderella” and Our Iliad

Another section of Patrick’s Place is labeled Folktales. It presents a small sample of Liberian folktales.

The primary goal is to increase interest in Liberia’s storehouse of oral literature which, although undeniably rich, is often overlooked by students of African oral traditions. Most of the tales in this collection were taken from “Legends of Liberia,” collected in the 1950s.

A second purpose is to draw attention to the genres and other patterns that run through these stories. These patterns, which transcend linguistic and even national boundaries, have long been obscured by a tradition among Liberianists that emphasizes ethnic differences over commonalities.

Liberia’s recent war has left many Liberians with an inferiority complex tied to a reliance on foreign relief. One way for Liberians to overcome that mindset is by building upon our folk tales and other oral traditions.

These need to be incorporated into curriculum. Like The Iliad and “Cinderella” in Western countries, our folk arts could well be the basis for short stories and movies.

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Reclaiming the Dream

Reclaiming the Dream

Welcome to Patrick’s Place, a website offering a variety of resources on Liberia’s rich history and heritage.

This site will serve as the hub of a campaign to address negative portrayals of Liberian history and to counteract their harmful effects on the Liberian psyche. Entitled “Reclaim the Dream,” it is designed to do for Liberian history what Carter G. Woodson and other pioneering scholars achieved for black history in America.

The campaign will highlight many commonalities and bring to light significant accomplishments of earlier Liberians. It aims to foster greater unity, a sense of national dignity, and empathy among Liberians, regardless of ethnicity.

How can history and heritage help to heal our national rifts? To understand that idea, take a tour of the menu bar at the top of this page, from left to right.

The first three menu tabs link to examples of my research. Of these, the most significant is Kola Forest, which describes one of my books. That book, Between the Kola Forest and the Salty Sea, presents the history of the Liberian people before 1822. It fills a longstanding void in  our understanding of our ourselves. It will also help cement our connection to previous generations, which is critical to any sense of national identity.

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My Story

Writing for Audience and Impact

In order to earn a living as a writer, I decided to major in journalism as an undergraduate. I wound my way to Howard University, then the most dynamic and prestigious black university in the world.

I was fortunate to study writing and investigative reporting under luminaries like Samuel Yette, who had covered the Civil Rights Movement with his camera and pen, and Wallace Terry, a former war correspondent in Vietnam.

There were workshops and interactions with leading black thinkers, including poet Leon Damas (a collaborator with Léopold Senghor in the Negritude Movement that began in the 1930s) and writer Haki Madhubuti (a major contributor to the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s). From them I learned that life without myths and music is dry rice without “soup.”

My career as a journalist was short but satisfying. Among other media, I published in West AfricaNew AfricanThe New York TimesEssence, the Long Island Newsday and the Milwaukee Journal.

Born in Liberia and educated in the United States, my main passion has been exploring the rich and often overlooked culture, arts and humanities of Africa and its Diaspora.